超材料赋能土木基础设施监测：原理、分类与工程应用综述

高康; 张旻; 刘进隆

doi:10.12454/j.jsuese.202600599

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超材料赋能土木基础设施监测：原理、分类与工程应用综述

更新时间：2026-07-31

- 超材料赋能土木基础设施监测：原理、分类与工程应用综述
- Metamaterials for Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure: Principles, Classification, and Engineering Applications — A Review
- 工程科学与技术 2026年页码：1-24
- 作者机构：
  
  1.东南大学智慧建造与运维国家地方联合工程研究中心，江苏南京 211189
  2.长大桥梁安全长寿与健康运维全国重点实验室，江苏南京 211189
  3.东南大学土木工程学院，江苏南京 211189
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12454/j.jsuese.202600599
  中图分类号： TB34
- 网络首发：2026-07-31，
- 稿件说明：
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高康,张旻,刘进隆.超材料赋能土木基础设施监测:原理、分类与工程应用综述[J].工程科学与技术,

GAO Kang,ZHANG Min,LIU Jinlong.Metamaterials for Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure: Principles, Classification, and Engineering Applications — A Review[J].Advanced Engineering Sciences,
高康,张旻,刘进隆.超材料赋能土木基础设施监测:原理、分类与工程应用综述[J].工程科学与技术, DOI：10.12454/j.jsuese.202600599.

GAO Kang,ZHANG Min,LIU Jinlong.Metamaterials for Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure: Principles, Classification, and Engineering Applications — A Review[J].Advanced Engineering Sciences, DOI：10.12454/j.jsuese.202600599.XXXX,XX(XX):1‒24.

摘要

土木基础设施长期服役条件下的微弱损伤信号、低频响应和持续供能问题，对结构健康监测系统的灵敏度、工作频带和维护能力提出了更高要求。超材料可通过人工构型调节应变分布、弹性波传播以及机电转换过程，为改善监测前端性能提供新的设计手段。本文在系统检索相关研究的基础上，将现有工作归纳为变形场调制、波场调控和多物理场换能3个相互衔接的层面，进而讨论其在信号增强、频谱特征提取、波场引导和自供电监测中的作用。已有研究表明，超材料在局部应变放大、导波能量聚集和低频采能方面已显示出应用潜力，但多数结果仍来自实验室样件或受控场景，实际土木环境中的尺度效应、温度漂移、循环耐久和长期维护问题尚缺乏充分验证。基于此，本文认为，超材料在当前阶段更宜定位为传统传感系统的可设计前端或换能界面。其迈向工程化应用的关键路径，在于推进构件化集成、完善环境影响补偿机制，并建立分层次的现场验证体系。本文旨在为面向智能基础设施的超材料监测系统，提供兼具理论深度与实践指向的系统性参考。

Abstract

Significance Civil infrastructure deteriorates over service lives measured in decades through fatigue accumulation

local stiffness degradation and interface damage

yet the mechanical signatures of early damage are frequently weaker than the intrinsic noise floor of conventional transducers. Service excitations generated by traffic

wind and pedestrian loading are concentrated at low frequencies

typically below several tens of hertz

where piezoelectric and electromagnetic devices that rely on resonant transduction lose efficiency. Dense sensor arrays on long-span bridges and extended tunnels additionally require cabling and periodic battery replacement

which restricts long-term autonomous operation. Sensitivity

operating bandwidth and energy autonomy are therefore constrained at the same time

and improvements confined to transducer materials cannot remove all three constraints.Progress Metamaterials offer a different route. Because their macroscopic behaviour is governed by architected unit cells and spatial topology rather than by chemical composition

strain distributions can be redistributed

elastic waves can be filtered and steered

and electromechanical coupling can be reshaped before the mechanical input reaches the sensitive element

so that a designable mechanical front end is inserted into conventional sensing chains. Self-powered sensing in civil infrastructure

piezoelectric energy harvesting by mechanical metamaterials and vibration mitigation by elastic metamaterials have previously been reviewed as separate subjects. What had not been organized within a single framework was the correspondence between the physical quantity that architecture modulates

the monitoring observable each modulation can generate

and the validation scale at which the reported behaviour was established. Establishing that correspondence was the purpose of the present review.Conclusions and Prospects The quantity that architecture alters is the mechanical input received by the sensitive element

not the intrinsic conversion limit of the transducer material. Metamaterials are accordingly positioned at the present stage as designable mechanical front ends or transduction interfaces for conventional sensing systems rather than as substitutes for established transducer materials. Whether that position yields engineering value was found to depend on two conditions: whether architectural gain is retained under component boundaries

temperature drift

humidity

freeze-thaw action

construction tolerance and repeated loading; and whether the resulting modules can be installed

calibrated

inspected and replaced within existing infrastructure management practice. Geometry-sensitive units are particularly exposed to the former condition

because environmental disturbance may be amplified by the same sensitivity that provides diagnostic capability.

关键词

Keywords

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