1.武汉大学 土木建筑工程学院，武汉 430072

2.华东勘测设计院 （福建） 有限公司，福建 350007

3.Objective Accurate assessment of groundwater seepage characteristics and evolution induced by tunnel construction is crucial for ensuring safe construction. However, the complexity of the composite lining waterproof and drainage system in tunnels poses significant challenges for simulation, leading to difficulties and inefficiencies in numerical calculations. This study employs the equivalent lining method to simplify the composite lining structure. It converts the complex structure into an equivalent lining with comparable water permeability, allowing for the investigation of groundwater seepage characteristics and evolution during tunnel construction.A