最新刊期
卷 54 ， 期 1 ， 2022
- 摘要：In order to avoid the severe climate changes caused by a large amount of greenhouse gas emissions from bringing destructive impact on global development, most countries are rapidly increasing the proportion of renewable resources in their energy production to accelerate the energytransition and realize the commitment of achieving carbon neutrality by the middle of this century. However, the legacy system did not consider the large-scale integration of renewable resources at the beginning of its formation. Therefore, it is often vulnerable to the intermittent, fluctuating and random characteristics of such resources. In this paper, based on the summing upand development of the smart grid and the sector coupling concept of energy utilization raised by Germany, and taking into account the widespread adoption of large-scale underground storage and AI-based (artificial intelligence) monitoring, analysis and forecasting, an integrated future framework named clean energy systems based on smart sector coupling (ENSYSCO) is proposed. Firstly, ENSYSCO closely couples the three sectors of energy’s production, consumption and storage through applying the power-to-X-to-power techniques. The introduction of large-scale underground storage on one hand greatly improves the redundancy and flexibility of the system, on the other hand enables the regions to obtain a more abundant and stable energy reserve. Secondly, various functional complexes within the future energy system lead to more complex supply-demand relationships, and at the same time, there is an urgent request for proper transport grids. The lightweight AI method driven by the hybrid of physics and data not only endows the governance system powerful analysis, decision-making and feedback capabilities, but also makes the operation of the entire system more efficient, robust and energy-saving. Finally, most of the techniques in the ENSYSCO framework, e.g. the pumped-storage hydroelectricity in mines (PSHm), are mature enough and can be put into industrial applications immediately. Further research on the regenerative enhanced geothermal system (REGS) and the AI governance will help ENSYSCO to promote China’s achievement of carbon neutrality more effective.关键词：integrated energy framework;sector coupling;underground storage of energy;smart energy;carbon neutrality
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发布时间：2024-01-10 - 摘要：In the context of the national “3060” dual carbon energy strategy, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project will bring opportunity to China’s western district. In the carbon limitation background, decarbonization methods should be valued to compensate the significant carbon emissions from the hydraulic engineering project. As the world biggest water transfer project, the South-to-North Water Division Project has completed the first phase of the Center Route and East Route, and its West Route is under plan discussion. In consideration of the carbon emissions from the hydraulic project, we introduced a new mode combining energy and hydraulic engineering for decarbonization, by installing the photovoltaic panels upon the water and protection zone, named as photovoltaic Tianhe. Based on the original length of 2300 km for the West Route, the length for photovoltaic panels of 1000 km, including the water and protection zone, and the total area of 120 km2 were assumed. The whole photovoltaic volume would reach 14.4 GW, which will produce yearly 18.7 billion kW·h green electricity, save 2.3 million tons of the coal, and reduce 6.03 million tons of the CO2 emission to help decarbonize the whole West Route project. Taking 1 MW as the baseline, the return on investment of the photovoltaic project is calculated as 14 years, which could be shortened by low-interest loan and new technology. According to the above research, we made two policy suggestions: firstly, the energy and hydraulic combination mode should be considered within the West Route’s planning phase, building photovoltaic Tianhe project upon the water panel; secondly, to establish several water-solar combined green energy bases along the West Route, composing of ground photovoltaic power station, water floating photovoltaic power station and pumped-storage hydroelectricity.关键词：the South-to-North Water Division West Route Project;hydraulic photovoltaic;green power;emission reduction
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发布时间：2024-01-10 - 摘要：Henan Province is a major province of population, agriculture, industry and energy consumption in China, and its implementation of carbon neutrality strategy is of great significance for promoting green, low-carbon and high-quality development of regional economy and facilitating the realization of China’s carbon-neutrality vision in 2060. But for a long time, the single energy structure dominated by coal has led to several key issues in Henan Province such as a large carbon emission baselevel, a tough situation of ecological management, continuously increasing level of dependence on external energy and the poor development degree of renewable energy. Hence, the present energy supply and demand structure, carbon dioxide emission and forest carbon sink in Henan Province were firstly analyzed in detail and seven major action plans were then proposed under the direction of carbon neutrality. Further analyses and forecasts of carbon emission from key industries and realization paths of carbon neutrality in Henan Province were conducted under multi-scenario conceptions for energy development. The following research results were obtained. 1) The implementation of carbon neutrality strategy in Henan Province is mainly constrained by the resource endowment that is rich in coal but lacking in oil and gas, and relatively high proportions of energy-intensive enterprises and the secondary industry. 2) Both energy revolution and economic restructuring should be emphasized. On the one hand, it is essential to vigorously promote the reduction, substitution and clean utilization of coal, development of new energy resources including wind, solar and biomass energy, energy storage techniques, and enhancement of forest carbon sink by optimizing the forest structure. On the other hand, new industries with high-tech and high-value should be introduced, accompanied by appropriate evacuation of some traditional industries with high energy consumption and high emission such as metal smelting and nonmetal mineral products so as to improve the electrification level of industrial and residential energy terminals. 3) Based on multi-scenario conceptions for energy development, namely the established policy (conservative scenario), energy transition (reference scenario) and radical replacement (extreme scenario), it is predicted that Henan Province will achieve carbon neutrality around 2077, 2056 and 2050, respectively. 4) To fully realize China’s carbon-neutrality vision, key provinces and industries should be encouraged to carry out pilot reforms, explore innovate technology, make good use of local strengths, and develop localized low-carbon models with respective unique characteristics.关键词：carbon neutrality;Henan Province;action plan;energy transition;carbon sink;carbon emission forecast
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发布时间：2024-01-10 - 摘要：In order to make the technical routes and action plans for carbon neutralization clear, the energy structure, carbon emission status, key carbon emission industries, and forestry carbon sinks in Yunnan Province were analyzed as a case study. The technical route and four major action plans guided by the carbon neutrality goal of Yunnan Province were also summarized. The research results showed that Yunnan Province is rich in renewable resources and should give full play to the advantages of green energy and vigorously develop renewable energy such as hydropower, wind power, and solar energy. It was suggested to make full use of underground spaces such as abandoned mines, salt caverns, depleted oil, and gas reservoirs for energy storage, combine with carbon dioxide biochemical reaction to produce methane and mine pumped energy storage, to realize the utilization of carbon dioxide resources and large-scale energy storage. Yunnan Province should accelerate the development of the hydrogen energy industry, carry out the research and development, promotion and standardized production of related equipment and technologies such as hydrogen energy production, storage, transportation, and utilization, and promote the integrated construction of energy production, storage and utilization. It was also suggested to make full use of its resource advantages and promotes the implementation of the carbon neutral action plan. It was expected to achieve carbon neutrality in 2037 if 30% of the six main CO2 emissions in Yunnan Province will be sequestrated. The research results have theoretical significance for carbon emission reduction and climate change mitigation, and also have important practical significance for Yunnan Province to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutral goals.关键词：carbon neutral;Yunnan Province;energy transition;carbon emission
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发布时间：2024-01-10
REGIONAL STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY
- 摘要：To achieve emission peak and carbon neutrality, it is a crucial mean for the power industry to build a new power system and accelerate the energy revolution. “Double-high: High penetration of renewables and inverters” trends are leading to the transition of the power system from deterministic power balance named as source following load to probabilistic power balance named as synergy source–grid–load–storage; from high rotational inertia system dominated by mechanical electromagnetic systems to low inertia system dominated by power electronics. It is inevitable that higher requirements will be placed on multiple aspects of the power system, including generation, transmission, distribution and consumption.This paper expounds the contribution of new power system to emission peak and carbon neutrality in the perspective of the effectiveness of China’s low carbon power transition and the current state of national carbon emissions in recent years. On this basis, the key technologies for constructing new power system are discussed from four dimensions of safe operation, reliable power supply, economic efficiency and digital intellectualization. The main challenges to be faced in building new power system are summarized in nine aspects, such as complication of stability issues, safety precautions to be strengthened, flexible resource diversification, flexible operation mode, high-quality power supply, diversified market mechanism, efficient energy utilization, digitalization of energy ecology, intelligent operation and control. The new power system will focus on replacing fossil energy with renewable energy in power generation, and promoting electrification on the power consumption side to reduce carbon emissions. And there is an urgent need to consider the following four dimensions. 1) Safe operation is fundamental prerequisite. As the dynamic characteristics of the new power system change and the evolution mechanism is unidentified, it is not only necessary to deal with the challenges caused by various new stability problems, but also to deal with the severe challenges of insufficient voltage and frequency support and the imperfect response measures. 2) Reliable power supply is core objective. The problem of power balance caused by the volatility and intermittency of new energy generation requires more flexibility resources to participate in the power balance regulation of the power system, and also requires higher flexibility of the power system to coordinate the flexibility resources of all parts of the system to ensure reliable and high-quality power supply of the power system. 3) Economic efficiency is inevitable requirement. At present, there is still no reasonable electricity market mechanism and carbon market mechanism as an effective means to improve the economic efficiency of power system. There is still much potential to improve the energy efficiency of China in all aspects of source, network, load and storage. 4) Digital transformation is critical Support. The power industry needs to transform the production and management mode through digital technology and intelligent control technology. Besides, the integration innovation and practical application of technologies such as big data, cloud computing, internet of things, Artificial Intelligence, mobile internet, blockchain in the field of energy and power also face many challenges. Planning, designing, constructing and operating the new power system dominated by renewable energy need new theories, new technologies, new markets and new policies to study the stability mechanism and safety precautions in safe operation, excavate the flexible resources and maintain the reliable power supply, design reasonable power market and carbon market mechanism, continuously improving the efficiency of energy production–transmission–storage–conversion–consumption, and finally achieve the goal of transitioning from a high-carbon power system to a deep low-carbon or zero-carbon power system.关键词：emission peak;carbon neutrality;renewable energy;power system
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发布时间：2024-01-10 - 摘要：Clarifying the carbon emission characteristics is the prerequisite and basis for promoting the carbon peak and carbon neutrality in the coal development process. Based on the carbon emission inventory analysis method of the whole life cycle of coal development, focusing on the three links of production energy, gas emission and post-mining activities, the carbon emission calculation model of the coal development process was established, and the carbon emission during the coal development process was measured. The characteristics of carbon emissions in different links was analyzed, and the technical approaches for carbon emission reduction in the coal development process was proposed. The results showed that the carbon emission intensity of energy used in production showed a fluctuating downward trend, from 81.5 kg/t in 2010, first reduced to 66.5 kg/t in 2015, and then slowly reduced to 65.4 kg/t in 2020. The carbon emission intensity of coal mine gas emissions (carbon emissions) shown a rapid downward trend, from 123.7 kg/t in 2010 to 67.6 kg/t in 2020. The carbon emission intensity of post-mining activities was slowly decreasing, from 21.5 kg/t in 2010 to 18.0 kg/t in 2020. Based on the above researches, five technical approaches for carbon neutral achievement in the coal development process were proposed, namely, vigorously promoting the application of coal development energy-saving and efficiency-increasing technologies to reduce carbon emissions caused by coal development energy consumption, continuously tackling key coal mine gas extraction and utilization technologies to reduce methane emissions during coal development, accelerating the exploration of disruptive technologies for coal development to change carbon emission characteristics in principle, developing and demonstrating coal and new energy coupling utilization technologies in coal mines to reduce the carbon emission coefficient per unit product, planning the way to realize the technology of carbon dioxide capture, utilization, solidification, and storage in coal mine areas to form a unique way for achieving carbon neutrality of the coal industry.关键词：coal development;coal mine gas;production energy;post-mining activities;carbon emission characteristics;carbon emission reduction path
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发布时间：2024-01-10 - 摘要：The effective protection and utilization of water resources is the common key basis for the country to promote the adjustment of energy structure, to develop low-carbon technology and environmental protection, to cope with global climate change, and to achieve the strategic goal of “reaching carbon peak in 2030 and reaching carbon neutralization in 2060”. From the perspective of the significant role of water resources science and technology development in promoting carbon neutralization, the history and strategic development trend of water resources utilization and protection was reviewed and summarized, and the key role of water resources utilization in developing the application potential of clean energy and promoting the low carbon of national energy structure was elaborated. The natural advantages of water resources utilization and protection in reducing carbon sources and improving carbon sinks were studied. The technical methods of efficient and intelligent utilization and protection of water resources were systematically reviewed, such as intelligent water conservancy information network and feedback regulation, multi-source information monitoring system and integrated model, special underground space utilization and underground energy storage facilities, eco-hydraulic engineering and zero-carbon hydropower station system, transformation and grid connection of small-medium hydropower stations, and off-grid wind–light–water complementary system, based on the five development directions of intelligent planning and operation, ecological energy integration, full differentiation of space utilization, green design and construction and overall planning of transformation and development. The research findings are of great significance to protect the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and other important river basins, to promote the practice of national water resources utilization major strategic projects, and to help to achieve the “3060 Goal”.关键词：water resources;carbon neutralization;deep earth-surface linkage;intelligent water conservancy;comprehensive protection
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发布时间：2024-01-10 - 摘要：Frequent micro-seismic events or even the severely destructive earthquakes can be induced by the subsurface fluid injection or production. In this paper, the induced seismicity related with four types of classical subsurface fluid injection or production engineering projects (i.e., wastewater injection into deep wells, CO2 geological storage, oil and gas exploitation, deep geothermal energy production) was reviewed to understand the position, occurrence time of induced seismicity, range of influence and the trigger mechanism. Furthermore, targeting at the deep geothermal energy production, the determination methods of the maximum earthquake magnitude, and the challenges in reducing the induced earthquake risks were reviewed. China is rich in deep geothermal energy, especially the reserves of hot dry rocks is considerable. Multiple geophysical observation methods, e.g., seismic, electrical and magnetic methods, can be applied to obtain the multi-scale geophysical and geological information. Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations should be combined to obtain a clear understanding on the triggering mechanism of seismicity. Identification technologies of faults or concealed faults can be widely applied to reduce the destructive earthquake risks associated with the production of deep geothermal energy. For the development of high-efficiency connection control technology between injection and production wells, it is possible to develop an integrated reservoir stimulation method, i.e., alternative thermal stimulation of hot and cold water-chemical corrosion-hydraulic fracturing technology. The microseismic monitoring technology should be used to adjust the reservoir stimulation scheme in time in the field. Through the development of a series of enhanced geothermal system (EGS) pilot projects, key exploitation technologies can be obtained to ensure the safety and efficiency of the EGS project in China.关键词：shear stress;micro-seismicity;hydraulic fracturing;energy dissipation;fracture identification
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发布时间：2024-01-10
CARBON NEUTRAL DEVELOPMENT PATH OF KEY INDUSTRIES
- 摘要：The rapid growth of fluctuating power sources, mainly wind and solar energy, has led to severe power imbalances and urgent need for developing the energy storage technology. Pumped storage is the largest and most mature energy storage mode by now and has become the energy storage mainstay in the power grid. Gravity energy storage can also realize similar function, by replacing the storage material “water” in pumped storage with other solid heavy objects. There are relevant reports about gravity energy storage abroad, while still lacking in China so far. In this paper, the present situation of gravity energy storage was analyzed, and a conceptual scheme, which includes the gravity turbine and the up and down storehouses, was proposed by analogy with pumped storage. Meanwhile, the working processes, principles of energy storage and power generation of gravity energy storage were clarified, and the power output formula was derived theoretically. According to scientific conception and comparative analysis, it is preliminarily estimated that the net height of gravity energy storage is about 100 m and the corresponding maximum single unit capacity can reach 10 MW. In addition, distributed planning can be adopted to realize flexible large-scale energy storage. Based on the exploratory analysis, four technology conceptualizations and key problems of gravity energy storage are proposed as follows: 1) The gravity turbine for converting the potential energy of heavy objects into rotating mechanical energy. The gravity turbine is developed which works similarly to the hydraulic turbine, the maximum transport capacity is more than ten tons per second and the target efficiency is 80%. Since the gravity turbine is the critical core component of gravity energy storage, more needs to be studied in the mechanical engineering applications. 2) The suitable layout of up and down storehouses. Combined with the actual geographical conditions, flexibly arrange the up and down storehouses. Using the space between up and down storehouses to store heavy objects can reduce the land occupation. The up and down storehouses layout, gravity turbine and conveying system should be discussed and demonstrated as a whole system since the former can affect the development and research of the others. 3) High efficiency conveying system for heavy objects, including lifting heavy objects from the down storehouse to the up storehouse and transporting them in the same storehouse. Because the commercial value of gravity energy storage is directly related to the conveyance energy consumption and system efficiency, extensive research is needed to find a safe, efficient, and feasible conveying system. 4) Reasonable selection of heavy objects. Concrete as the main material of heavy objects is more appropriate. The construction waste and local material are used as much as possible to reduce the impact on the environment. In addition, heavy objects should be standardization with the same specification and durability for long recycling. All in all, gravity energy storage has the significant advantages of environmental friendliness, flexible layout, high safety, long life, no self-discharge, etc., with outstanding research and development value and broad application prospects. However, gravity energy storage technology is still in the exploration stage. Further investigations of gravity energy storage are needed to promote the pre-study, program planning and technology development, which would provide backup support for the long-term development of new energy.关键词：energy storage technology;gravity energy storage;gravity turbine;up and down storehouses;high efficiency conveying system
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发布时间：2024-01-10 - 摘要：In the context of global “carbon neutrality”, the development of advanced renewable hydrogen production technology with high energy efficiency, low cost and zero emission will become the key to achieving “carbon neutrality”. However, hydrogen production from fossil energy is still dominating the market, with low cost, but inherent carbon emissions. Hydrogen production from electrolytic water using renewable energy is considered to be the core of the renewable energy grid in the future with the continuous decline of renewable energy prices. This paper summarized the background, technical status and cutting-edge development of hydrogen production technologies. Regarding fossil fuels reforming, technological evaluation of natural gas reforming and coal gasification is conducted. The potential of chemical loping technology in effectively reducing the carbon emissions of reforming was evaluated. Regarding the water splitting, the technical characteristics and recent progresses of four mainstream water splitting routes, i.e. alkaline electrolysis, anion exchange membrane electrolysis, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, and solid oxide-based electrolysis technologies were compared. On this basis, the prospect of hydrogen production from water splitting (especially from seawater) was discussed for the large-scale hydrogen energy system in the future, by evaluating the existing challenges/opportunities in seawater splitting, including the chlorine evolution, thermodynamic optimization, and catalyst development. Finally, relevant suggestions were put forward in order to promote the research of hydrogen production technologies.关键词：hydrogen energy;seawater splitting;carbon neutrality;low carbon technology;solid oxide electrolyzer
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发布时间：2024-01-10 - 摘要：Power-to-gas is a chemical energy storage technology that converts electrical energy into combustible gas with high energy density. Combined with subsurface energy storage, it is expected to meet the demand for a large capacity of energy storage, and it will become one of the most effective energy storage technologies in the future. Power-to-gas based subsurface energy storage includes four stages of hydrogen production from electrolysis, methanation, geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2), and geological storage of synthetic methane (CH4). Since the development of power-to-gas based geological energy storage technology is at a preliminary stage and involves multiple technical aspects, the overall economic analysis is relatively rare. It is necessary to carry out an economic analysis and further explore the application potential of this technology in China. Based on a large amount of literature research, a technical and economic analysis of electrolysis and methanation are firstly carried out, and then the technical and economic analysis of the geological storage of CH4 and CO2 are carried out respectively, and finally the whole process is statistically analyzed according to the estimated results under different assumptions and conditions. The results are compared with pumped hydro storage and compressed air energy storage, and the technical cost of power-to-gas based geological energy storage is clarified. The application opportunities and challenges of this technology in China are pointed out. It is found that alkaline electrolysis (AEL) currently has advantages at lower investment costs, which is about 7850 yuan/kW, the investment cost of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) is expected to reduce the investment cost to about half of the current AEL in 2050. The biological methanation and isothermal catalytic methanation technology is still in the experimental and demonstration stage. The adiabatic fixed-bed methanation technology has more technical advantages because of its more mature commercial applications. It is expected that the cost will be reduced to the current 50%～60% in 2050. The cost of geological CH4 storage fluctuates greatly, because the cost is affected by different reservoirs and various operating parameters. However, based on published data, the investment cost of energy storage in aquifers is equivalent to that of energy storage in depleted oil or gas fields, which fluctuates in the range of 1.88～3.30 yuan/m3. The investment cost of geological CH4 storage in salt caverns is about twice that of the other two geological reservoirs. CO2 geological storage costs varies widely, except for individual high-cost cases, the storage cost is usually less than 53.38 yuan/t. At present, the opportunities and challenges for the application of power-to-gas based geological energy storage in China coexist. However, the innovations of electrolysis and methanation technology in the future, the optimizations of geological energy storage efficiency, mode, site selection, the improvements of integration method with existing gas storage sites, natural gas pipeline network, power grid, and the impacts of low-carbon policy, will enhance the possibility of applying power-to-gas based geological energy storage technology in China.关键词：power-to-gas;electrolysis;methanation;subsurface energy storage;economic analysis
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发布时间：2024-01-10 - 摘要：In order to achieve the goals of carbon neutrality and emission peak and to solve the problem of large-scale storage of hydrogen, combined with the trends of hydrogen development in China, a “production-storage-use” integrated hydrogen chain was proposed. Scenario one is the current phase of hydrogen development, during which the salt cavern hydrogen storage is mainly for transportation and industry fields. In scenario two, salt cavern hydrogen storage and CO2–O2 mixed gas respectively, while the hydrogen is used for ground synthesis of methane as well as methane-enriched combustion for power generation. In scenario three, salt cavern stores synthetic methane for other purposes besides power generation. From the perspective of the full life cycle of salt cavern hydrogen storage, the role of salt cavern hydrogen storage under three scenarios was analyzed, and a new concept of multifunctional hydrogen storage was proposed. The multifunction of salt cavern is waste electricity utilization, power balance, safe storage of hydrogen and CO2 emission reduction. Taking Anning salt mine and Yunnan Province as examples, the potential of multifunctional salt cavern hydrogen storage was analyzed. In scenario one, for steelmaking, which needs 1.3×108 m3 of total gas volume storing 6.0×105 t of green hydrogen and reducing CO2 emission of 722 t. In scenario two, in view of the seasonal power shortage in the future of Yunnan, installing a capacity of 200 MW methane-enriched power plant providing a half-year power generation plant just needs 4.78×106 m3 of multifunctional salt caverns, which can absorb 5.34×108 kW·h of hydropower and provide 2.88 ×108 kW·h of power generation in dry season.关键词：carbon neutrality;hydrogen energy;salt cavern hydrogen storage;hydrogen industry;integration
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发布时间：2024-01-10 - 摘要：In view of the problems of low utilization rate of underground mine space and increasing demand for electricity storage and energy storage in Yunnan Province, the feasibility and key technologies of the construction of pumped-storage power stations in underground mines are analyzed, in consideration of rock mechanics, mining planning, environment, economy and other various factors. The quantitative evaluation is made on the development potential of the abandoned mine pumped-storage power station in Yunnan Province. Based on the conventional pumped-storage power plant, combining with the geological conditions, the natural resources and underground excavation space situation, the feasibility of the key technologies such as site selection, stability of underground space and anti-seepage of underground space during the construction of mine pumped-storage power station is comprehensively evaluated. The preliminary results show that: Yunnan Province is rich in natural resources and has superior development conditions, which can better meet the electricity demand of Yunnan Province at the present stage. The accumulated excavation space of numerous mines in Yunnan Province exceeds 1.5×109 m3, and the usable volume is about 1.2×108 m3, which provides excellent basic conditions for the construction of underground pumped-storage power stations. The pumped-storage power stations in mines of Yunnan Province can generate 3.29×1010 kW·h of electricity per year. According to the calculation based on a real mine, the power generation will reach 1.76×108 kW·h per year when the water is pumped for 5 hours a day, and it will bring huge economic benefits. According to the research results, it is feasible to reconstruct pumped-storage power station using abandoned mine, and it can produce better dynamic and static benefits. Combining “smart mine” with pumped-storage power station constructed by using abandoned mine to realize intelligent integrated pumped-storage has a good development prospect in the future.关键词：pumped-storage power stations;potential assessment;key technology;excavation space;static and dynamic benefits
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发布时间：2024-01-10
POWER-TO-X AND STORAGE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
- 摘要：Under the current background of carbon neutrality, mankind is moving forward on the road of “less carbon, use carbon and no carbon” to reduce CO2 emission. As the most effective “carbon neutrality” technology strategy, CO2 capture, utilization and storage technology (CCUS) has played an important role in promoting the net reduction of atmospheric CO2. However, low efficiency and high energy consumption are issues preventing current CCUS technology from industrial large-scale application. In recent years, with the continuous development of renewable electricity, battery and energy storage technologies that couple CO2 emission reduction and energy system have emerged. The CO2 energy utilization technology offers a solution for efficient CO2 emission reduction technology which is conductive to the periodic consumption of new energy. However, CO2 is mainly used as an energy medium in this type of CO2 energy utilization technology, and the external energy output does not stem from CO2 itself. It is worth noting that the process of converting CO2 to carbonate is a reaction with lowering the chemical potential, which means that CO2 itself is also a potential energy source. The author of this article uses this thermodynamically favorable reaction to successfully develop CO2 mineralized power generation technology which utilizes the energy contained in CO2 itself for deep power generation. And in recent studies, the maximum power density of the CO2 mineralization cell has been increased to 96.75 W/m2.关键词：carbon neutrality;CO2 energy utilization technology;battery
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发布时间：2024-01-10 - 摘要：For an in-depth understanding of CCUS and its future development in China, the historical evolution, status and future trend of CCUS were explained from the three dimensions of time, space, and technology chain. In terms of time dimension, from 1950 to 2050, it can be divided into technology incubation phase (1950—1980), formative and development phase (1980—1995), R & D and demonstration phase (1995—2020), implementation phase (2020—2030) and commercialization phase (2030—2050). In terms of spatial dimension, countries in the leading position of CCUS technology are mainly distributed in North America and Europe, where the development time is relatively long and the overall R & D level is relatively high. In addition, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Brazil and China have also entered advanced ranks of CCUS. In terms of technology chain, CCUS technology can be divided into three generations. In the capture section, the first-generation capture technologies can be applied to the power plants; the second-generation capture technologies are oriented to power and industrial plants; the energy consumption, operating cost and maintenance cost of the third generation can be reduced to about 50% of the first generation. In the transportation section, the first-generation of CO2 transport technology breaks through the lows of flow and diffusion, corrosion material control, leakage impact assessment, monitoring report and verification tools, etc.; the second generation focuses on the large-scale pipeline network development and standard formulation; the third generation can be applied to the large scale national and international pipe networks. In the storage section, the first generation prioritizes the development of common geological storage technologies; the second generation focuses on the safety monitoring and risk management and optimization; the third generation focuses on the complete monitoring and remedial measures. The overall level of CCUS in China is in the early stage of R & D and demonstration, and there is a certain gap between China and other leading countries. It is necessary to strengthen international cooperation and exchanges in the field of CCUS, introduce and learn CCUS core technologies and practical engineering experience, and prepare for the implementation of large-scale full-process CCUS projects in China in the future.关键词：CCUS;emission reduction technology;intergenerational evolution;projection of future technologies;international cooperation and exchanges
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发布时间：2024-01-10 - 摘要：China has put forward a carbon emission reduction target to reach CO2 emission peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060. It is vital for China to improve the development and commercialization scale of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology, to achieve the carbon emission reduction target. According to the 14th Five-Year Plan, large-scale demonstration CCUS projects will be carried out in China. However, due to the low permeability and heterogeneity of most CO2 storage formations in China, the capacity of CO2 storage is limited, which cannot provide enough subsurface CO2 storage space for the operation of large-scale CCUS projects. In this study, the concept of CO2 storage intensity (the amount of CO2 storage per unit area) was proposed to evaluate the CO2 storage capacity of China’s ongoing CCUS projects as the key indicator. The CO2 storage intensity indicator was calculated in both deep saline aquifer CO2 storage and CO2–EOR projects. The results showed that the CO2 storage intensities of all the listed projects were lower than 105 t/km2, which was unable to meet the needs of China’s dual carbon target. To substantially improve the CO2 storage intensity, a multi-layer coordinative injection and pumping technology was proposed in this study. This technology can substantially improve the CO2 storage intensity by injecting CO2 through multiple perforation tunnels and extracting saline water from multiple formations. The available pore spaces are increased and the formation pressure is optimized with this technology, which favors improvement of the CO2 storage intensity. To validate the performance of this technology, a multi-layer CO2 injection model was built by T2Well code for the numerical simulations of three different scenarios. CO2 injection was set as a constant pressure process during the 60 days injection. By looking at the pressure and CO2 saturation distributions, it was noted that the accumulation of pressure was reduced by the cooperation of injection and pumping, which decreased geomechanically instability. Based on the CO2 saturation distribution maps, migration of CO2 was driven by the pressure difference between the injection and pumping wells, which made the plume move toward the pumping wells. In addition, rock properties changed the shape and migration range of the plume during CO2 injection. The CO2 storage intensities were calculated under the three simulated conditions. Among them, the CO2 storage intensity for the heterogeneous sandstone was the highest, which reached 1.115×106 t/km2. This value was far larger than China’s existing CCUS projects. In summary, the multi-layer injection and pumping technology can greatly increase the amount of CO2 injection, which is beneficial for the conservation of land in China and promotes the deployment of large-scale CCUS projects in China.关键词：carbon neutral;CCUS;sequestration intensity;collaborative pumping-injection technologies
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发布时间：2024-01-10
CARBON CAPTURE, UTILIZATION AND STORAGE (CCUS)
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