Research on Thermodynamic Properties of the CO<sub>2</sub> Medium During Phase Transition Excited by Energetic Agent

SHEN Zhiqiang; XIA Jun; ZHANG Fanzhen; YANG Lijun

doi:10.12454/j.jsuese.202400846

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Research on Thermodynamic Properties of the CO₂ Medium During Phase Transition Excited by Energetic Agent

更新时间：2025-05-19

- Research on Thermodynamic Properties of the CO₂ Medium During Phase Transition Excited by Energetic Agent
- Advanced Engineering Sciences Pages: 1-12(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  国防科技大学空天科学学院，湖南长沙 410001
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12454/j.jsuese.202400846
  CLC： TJ510.4
- Received：20 October 2024，
  
  Revised：01 March 2025，
  
  Published Online：19 May 2025，
- 稿件说明：
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申志强,夏军,张凡榛等.含能药剂激发CO₂相变过程工质热力学性能预示研究[J].工程科学与技术,

SHEN Zhiqiang,XIA Jun,ZHANG Fanzhen,et al.Research on Thermodynamic Properties of the CO₂ Medium During Phase Transition Excited by Energetic Agent[J].Advanced Engineering Sciences,XXXX,XX(XX):1‒12.
申志强,夏军,张凡榛等.含能药剂激发CO₂相变过程工质热力学性能预示研究[J].工程科学与技术, DOI：10.12454/j.jsuese.202400846.

SHEN Zhiqiang,XIA Jun,ZHANG Fanzhen,et al.Research on Thermodynamic Properties of the CO₂ Medium During Phase Transition Excited by Energetic Agent[J].Advanced Engineering Sciences,XXXX,XX(XX):1‒12. DOI： 10.12454/j.jsuese.202400846.

摘要

含能药剂激发CO

工质相变过程的准确预示对于CO

相变膨胀致裂和做功技术在大规模网络精细控制爆破及动力推进领域的深入运用具有重要意义。将密闭容器（爆破管）内用于激发的含能药剂与充注的CO

工质视为研究系统，假设含能药剂燃烧过程中释放的热量由燃烧产物与CO

工质共同吸收，进而促使CO

工质压力温度升高转化为超临界态并具备对外做功能力。基于含能药剂几何燃烧规律假设和系统热力学守恒定律，采用基于比Helmholtz自由能的SW96状态方程描述CO

工质的热物理性能，构建了含能药剂激发CO

工质相变过程的热力学性能理论预示模型，利用经典Runge-Kutta逐步积分算法进行数值求解。设计并开展了含能药剂激发CO

工质相变系列试验。激发开始后，CO

工质压力上升过程经历缓慢上升、迅速上升、接近压力峰值时增长趋缓三个阶段。与试验实测值相比，密闭容器内工质升压时间和压力峰值的理论计算值相对误差分别小于8%和7%，表明预示模型具有准确性与工程运用可行性。含能药剂初始引燃位置和几何形状对于CO

工质相变过程有显著影响。通过合理设计装药形状和引燃位置，可实现对激发过程中CO

工质的热力学状态的精细控制。

Abstract

Objective

Accurately prediction of the phase transition process of liquid (or liquid-vapor equilibrium state) CO

working fluid sealing in sturdy containers excited by energetic agents is of great significance for the in-depth application of CO

phase transition expanding (or fracturing) technology in large-scale network precision blasting and payload propulsion. Although sophisticated numerical calculations based on combustion and heat transfer theory using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation software can provide an option for this problem

the process is time-consuming

which is often unacceptable for engineering applications and relative mechanical device initial design. A zero-dimension theory prediction model is established in our work and can be used to obtain the thermodynamic parameters of the CO

working fluid during excitin

g process more easily.

Methods

Based on the geometric combustion hypothesis of energetic agents and the thermodynamic conservation laws of the system

a thermodynamic performance prediction model for the phase change process of CO

working medium excited by energetic agents was established

and the classical Runge-Kutta step-by-step integration algorithm was used to get numerical solution. Due to the complex phase change characteristics of CO

working fluid during the stimulation process and a necessary reliability demand of the state equation for the working fluid in relatively wide range of temperatures and pressures especially the supercritical state

the SW96 state equation based on the specific Helmholtz free energy recommended by NIST was adopted to describe the thermal properties of CO

working fluid in the numerical calculation process. The primary combustion products of the energetic agents are CO₂

with a mass fraction exceeding 60%. Additionally

the mass of the energetic material is significantly less than that of the CO₂ working fluid excited within the sealed container. In order to find the best balance position between the acceptable computational cost and prediction accuracy of the zero-dimensional theoretical model

the following additional assumption were introduced. Such the gaseous combustion products of the energetic agent are all equivalently assumed to be CO

by mass

and the heat released by the combustion of the energetic agent in each time increment step is instantly absorbed by the combustion products and the original CO

working fluid together without any relaxation. To validates the effectiveness of the prediction model

a series of experimental studies on the phase transition of CO

working fluid excited by new types of energetic agents were designed and carried out. Before each test

a cylindrical energetic agent was securely placed on one end face inside the sealed container. Subsequent

the container was filled with CO

working fluid to a certain pressure using a CO

charging machine. After sealing the container

the mass of the working fluid was measured

and the signal cables of the excitation controller and pressure sensor were connected. At the start of the test

the excitation controller issued an ignition signal

which immediately ignited the energetic agent. Simultaneously

a data acquisition command was sent to the ultra-dynamic signal testing and analysis system. The energetic agent burned rapidly and released heat

causing the CO

working fluid to absorb heat and undergo a phase change. The pressure inside the container risen quickly until the agent was completely burned. The dynamic data acquisition instrument and a laptop were used to collect and record the pressure data inside the sealed container during this process

and the data was filtered before further analysis.

Results and Discussions

By comparing the measured dates of the working fluid pressure rising time (i.e.

the time from the initial pressure to the peak pressure inside the container) and the peak pressure with the numerical calculated values of the theoretical prediction model for 4 different energetic agent mass cases namely 30

50 and 60 g

it is shown that the relative errors of the working fluid pressure rising time and peak pressure in the sealed container are less than 8% and 7%

respectively. The calculation results of the pressure variation history indicate that

after the excitation process starts

the working fluid pressure rising process could be divided into three stages: slow rise

rapid rise

and a slowdown in growth approaching the peak pressure. Among them

the first and third stages have relatively short durations

while the second stage has a longer duration and the pressure change is approximately linear with respect to time. To investigate the influence of the ignition position of the cylindrical charge on the thermodynamic parameter changes during the excitation process

in addition to the center of the end face of the cylindrical charge

the ignition device was also placed at the midpoint of the charge axis and the quarter-point between the midpoint of the axis and the end face. Compared to end-face ignition

central ignition of the cylindrical charge can reduce the pressure rising time by 39.73%. This phenomenon occurs because moving the ignition position from the end face to the interior of the charge increases the effective combustion area of the charge. As a result

the heat released per unit time is enhanced

which in turn accelerates the pressure rise rate of the CO₂ working fluid. While keeping the mass of the charge constant at 60 g

the influence of the cylindrical charge shape on the excitation process was then investigated by adjusting the radius r and length h of the cylindrical charge.

Conclusions

The high accuracy and feasibility of the prediction model have been thoroughly validated through comparisons between numerical calculations and experimental results. The initial ignition position and geometric shape of the energetic agents have a significant impact on the phase transition process of CO

working fluid. As the ignition position moves from the center of the end face along the axis to the inside of the agent

the working fluid pressure rising time is significantly shortened. Meanwhile

the characteristics of the working fluid pressure rising process are also closely related to the geometric shape of the energetic agent. It can be concluded that the thermodynamic state of CO

working fluid during the excitation process can be precisely controlled by reasonably designing the shape and ignition position of the energetic agent.

关键词

Keywords

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Research on Thermodynamic Properties of the CO2 Medium During Phase Transition Excited by Energetic Agent

DOI：10.12454/j.jsuese.202400846

摘要

Abstract

关键词

Keywords

references

Research on Thermodynamic Properties of the CO₂ Medium During Phase Transition Excited by Energetic Agent